Problèmes et recherche sur le cancer de la peau
Les prises de position de la Skin Cancer Foundation sur des sujets controversés accompagnées d'études de recherche fondées sur des données probantes
The Skin Cancer Foundation receives many questions about subjects that are of interest to the public and members of the media. The organization’s position statements are supported by scientific research that has been published in medical journals after review by experts in the field. You can find references to relevant studies and articles under “Related Reading and Evidence-Based Research Studies.”
While genetics and family history also play a role, a pattern of unprotected sun exposure is a factor in the majority of melanoma cases. It’s estimated that 86 percent of all melanomas are caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
Plus d'information: Having five sunburns in your lifetime has been shown to double your risk of developing melanoma.
Lectures connexes et études de recherche fondées sur des preuves :
Parkin DM, Mesher D, Sasieni P. Cancers attribuables à l'exposition aux rayonnements solaires (ultraviolets) au Royaume-Uni en 2010. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 566-69.
Pleasance ED, Cheetham RK, Stephens PJ et al. Un catalogue complet des mutations somatiques d'un génome de cancer humain. Nature 2010; 463: 191-96.
Chang YM, Barrett JH, Bishop DT et al. Exposition au soleil et risque de mélanome à différentes latitudes : une analyse groupée de 5700 cas et 7216 témoins. Int J Epidemiol 2009 ; 38(3):814-30. Publication en ligne du 2009 avril 8.
Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS et al. Méta-analyse des facteurs de risque de mélanome cutané : II. exposition au soleil. Cancer de l'Eur J 2005; 41(1):45-60.
Pfahlberg A, Kolmel KF, Gefeller O. Moment du rayonnement ultraviolet excessif et du mélanome : l'épidémiologie n'étaye pas l'existence d'une période critique de forte sensibilité au mélanome induit par le rayonnement ultraviolet solaire. Brit J Dermatol 2001 ; 144:3:471.
Lew RA, Sober AJ, Cook N, Marvell R, Fitzpatrick TB. Habitudes d'exposition au soleil chez les patients atteints de mélanome cutané : une étude de cas. J Dermatol Chirurgie Onc 1983; 12: 981-6.
Studies offer abundant evidence that indoor tanning bed use increases the risk of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. Any statement that implies that tanning beds are safe puts lives in danger.
Plus d'information: The International Agency for Research on Cancer, affiliated with the World Health Organization, has determined that UV radiation-emitting tanning devices are cancer-causing in humans. Research available today has shown that those who begin indoor tanning before age 35 increase their risk of developing melanoma by 75 percent. Another study found that more people develop skin cancer from indoor tanning than lung cancer from smoking.
Lectures connexes et études de recherche fondées sur des preuves :
Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P, Gandini S. Mélanome cutané attribuable à l'utilisation des lits de bronzage : revue systématique et méta-analyse. Brit Med J 2012 ; 345:e4757. Doi : 10.1136/bmj.e4757.
Zhang M, Qureshi AA, Geller AC, Frazier L, Hunter DJ, Han J. Utilisation des lits de bronzage et incidence du cancer de la peau. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30(14):1588-93.
Programme national de toxicologie. Rapport sur les agents cancérigènes, douzième édition. Département américain de la santé et des services sociaux, service de santé publique, programme national de toxicologie. 2011 : 429-430. Consulté le 12 février 2012.
Cust AE, Armstrong BK, Goumas C et al. L'utilisation des lits de bronzage pendant l'adolescence et le début de l'âge adulte est associée à un risque accru de mélanome précoce. Cancer Int J 2011; 128(10):2425-35. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25576.
Ferrucci LM, Cartmel B, Molinaro AM, Leffell DJ, Bale AE, Mayne ST. Bronzage artificiel et risque de carcinome basocellulaire précoce. Journal de l'Académie américaine de dermatologie. 2011.
Groupe de travail du Centre international de recherche sur le cancer. L'association de l'utilisation des bancs solaires avec le mélanome malin cutané et d'autres cancers de la peau : une revue systématique. Int J Canc 2006 ; 120 : 1116-1122.
World Health Organization. Sunbeds, tanning and UV exposure Fact sheet N°287. Interim revision April 2010. Accessed Oct 7, 2011.
El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, et al. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. A review of human carcinogens–part D: radiation. Lancette Oncol 2009; 10(8):751-2.
Karagas MR, Stannard VA, Mott LA, Slattery MJ, Spencer SK, Weinstock MA. Utilisation d'appareils de bronzage et risque de cancers cutanés basocellulaires et épidermoïdes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:224. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.3.224.
Swerdlow AJ, Weinstock, MA. Les lampes de bronzage provoquent-elles un mélanome ? Un bilan épidémiologique. JAM Acad Derm 1998; 38(1):89-98.
While The Skin Cancer Foundation applauds the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for taking the important step to reclassify ultraviolet (UV) tanning devices from class I (low to moderate risk) to class II (moderate to high risk) devices, which was a major advancement in skin cancer prevention, the organization is disappointed that it withdrew its 2015 proposed rule that would have banned the use of tanning beds by minors
Plus d'informations: On May 29, 2014, the FDA issued a final order to reclassify ultraviolet (UV) tanning devices from class I (low to moderate risk) to class II (moderate to high risk). In addition, the FDA now requires warning labels on these tanning devices, noting that they should not be used on persons under the age of 18.
In March 2026, the FDA withdrew its 2015 proposed rule “General and Plastic Surgery Devices: Restricted Sale, Distribution, and Use of Sunlamp Products.” This proposed rule contained three restrictions that would have been helpful to Americans:
- Limiter l'utilisation des lampes solaires aux personnes âgées de 18 ans et plus.
- Exiger que les adultes signent une attestation de reconnaissance des risques au cours des six derniers mois avant d'utiliser un produit de photothérapie.
- Exiger que les exploitants de centres de bronzage fournissent, sur demande, le manuel d'utilisation des lampes solaires aux utilisateurs ou utilisateurs potentiels de ces produits.
Lectures complémentaires et études de recherche fondées sur des données probantes :
Cust AE, Armstrong BK, Goumas C et al. L'utilisation des lits de bronzage pendant l'adolescence et au début de l'âge adulte est associée à un risque accru de mélanome précoce. Cancer Int J 2011er mai 1 ; 128(10):2425-35. doi : 10.1002/ijc.25576
Lazovich D, Vogel RI, Berwick M, Weinstock MA, Anderson KE, Warshaw EM. Bronzage artificiel et risque de mélanome : une étude cas-témoin dans une population fortement exposée. Biomarqueurs épidémiologiques du cancer Précédent juin 2010 ; 19(6):1557-68. Publication en ligne du 2010 mai 26.
El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K et al. Groupe de travail sur les monographies du Centre international de recherche sur le cancer de l'OMS. Un examen des agents cancérigènes pour l'homme – partie D : rayonnement. Lancette Oncol 2009 Aug; 10(8):751-2.
Karagas MR, Stannard VA, Mott LA, Slattery MJ, Spencer SK, Weinstock MA. Utilisation d'appareils de bronzage et risque de cancers cutanés basocellulaires et épidermoïdes.J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:224; doi:10.1093/jnci/94.3.224.
Swerdlow AJ, Weinstock, MA. Les lampes de bronzage provoquent-elles un mélanome ? Un bilan épidémiologique. J Am Acad Derm 1998 Jan; 38(1):89-98.
Département américain de la santé et des services sociaux. Report on Carcinogens douzième édition, 2011. p.429-434. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/UltravioletRadiationRelatedExposures.pdf. Consulté le 7 octobre 2011.
Organisation mondiale de la santé. Bains de soleil, bronzage et exposition aux UV Fiche N°287.
Révision intermédiaire avril 2010. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs287/en/. Consulté le 7 octobre 2011.
Groupe de travail du Centre international de recherche sur le cancer. L'association de l'utilisation des bancs solaires avec le mélanome malin cutané et d'autres cancers de la peau : une revue systématique. https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2013-10982.pdf?1367872029 Int J Ann 2006; 120: 1116-1122.
General and Plastic Surgery Devices: Restricted Sale, Distribution, and Use of Sunlamp Products; Withdrawal of Proposed Rule: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/03/16/2026-05103/general-and-plastic-surgery-devices-restricted-sale-distribution-and-use-of-sunlamp-products
Landmark research has provided evidence that sunscreen use can help prevent melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The Skin Cancer Foundation considers sunscreen one vital part of a comprehensive sun safety strategy — along with seeking shade and covering up with clothing, wide-brimmed hats and UV-blocking sunglasses.
Plus d'informations: For years, there has been strong evidence that daily sunscreen use plays a role in lowering the risk of actinic keratosis, the most common skin precancer, and squamous cell carcinoma. In 2011, a rigorous study of more than 1,600 adults over the course of a decade found that daily sunscreen use also plays a role in melanoma prevention. The researchers determined that subjects who applied sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher daily reduced their risk of melanoma by 50 percent.
Lectures complémentaires et études de recherche fondées sur des données probantes :
Green AC, Williams GM, Logan V, Strutton GM. Réduction du mélanome après l'utilisation régulière d'un écran solaire : suivi d'un essai randomisé. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21135266/ J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(3):257-63.
Vert AC, Williams GM. Point : l'utilisation d'un écran solaire est une approche sûre et efficace pour la prévention du cancer de la peau. Cancer Epidem Biomar Précédent 2007; 16(10):1921-22.
van der Pols JC, Williams GM, Pandeya N, Logan V, Green AC. Prévention prolongée du carcinome épidermoïde de la peau par l'utilisation régulière d'un écran solaire. Cancer Épidémiol Biomar Précédent 2006 ; 15(12):2546-8. Publication en ligne du 2006 novembre 28.
Green A, Williams G, Neale R et al. Application quotidienne de crème solaire et supplémentation en bêtacarotène dans la prévention des carcinomes basocellulaires et épidermoïdes de la peau : un essai contrôlé randomisé. Lancette 1999; 354(9180):723-9.
Jolley D, Marks R, Thompson SC. Réduction des kératoses solaires par l'utilisation régulière d'un écran solaire. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377777/ New England Journal of Medicine 1993.
There is no science-based evidence that proves that using sunscreens with ingredients approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) presents serious harm to human health. Rather, the evidence shows that people face substantial risk of developing skin cancer during their lifetime due to unprotected ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and that sunscreen can help reduce this risk.
Plus d'information: In February 2019, the FDA issued a proposed rule that updated regulatory requirements for sunscreens. Of the 17 marketed active ingredients at that time, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide were generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) for use in sunscreens. (This GRASE list now also includes bemotrizinol, since its June 2026 FDA approval.) PABA and trolamine salicylate were deemed NOT GRASE for use in sunscreens due to safety issues, and in September 2026, these two ingredients were officially removed from the Over-the-Counter Monograph M020.
The FDA announced that there was insufficient safety data for sunscreen absorbed above a certain threshold (0.5ng/ml) to make a positive GRASE determination on the remaining 12 ingredients. To address this, the FDA asked industry and other interested parties for additional data. The FDA itself pointed out that its “request for more data about these ingredients doesn’t mean the agency believes these products are ineffective or unsafe, or that these products should be removed from the marketplace.”
The FDA then published two studies, one in May 2019 and the other in January 2020, showing evidence that certain sunscreen ingredients are absorbed into the body in amounts that exceed the threshold for absorption. But in an editorial accompanying the research, the study authors note: "Il est essentiel de reconnaître que ces deux études menées par la FDA ne fournissent aucune preuve que les écrans solaires chimiques causent des dommages."
Lectures complémentaires et études de recherche fondées sur des données probantes :
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Proposal to Amend and Lift Stay on Monograph Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/economic-impact-analyses-fda-regulations/sunscreen-drug-products-over-counter-human-use-proposal-amend-and-lift-stay-monograph-preliminary#:~:text=The%20rule%20would%20update%20sunscreen,observations%20in%20final%20formulation%20testing.
U.S. Food and Drug Administation. Final Order | Order Number OTC000039. Order Title: Amending Over-the-Counter Monograph M020: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use, and Related Information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/omuf/index.cfm?event=OrderDetail&orderid=OTC000039
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Final Administrative Order OTC000008 – 11 Amending Over-the-Counter Monograph M020: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use, and Related Information; Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA) and Trolamine Salicylate. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/omuf/Order/FinalAdministrativeOrderOTC000008-PABATrolamine.pdf
Innovation in U.S. sunscreen formulation can provide the American public with more choices for sun protection, similar to the sunscreen innovation we see happening globally, which could potentially lead to a decrease in the incidence of skin cancer.
Plus d'information: The Skin Cancer Foundation supported the federal Sunscreen Innovation Act (SIA), which was passed in 2014. The intention of SIA was to encourage the FDA to improve its processes for reviewing new sunscreen ingredients.
The Skin Cancer Foundation also supported the signing into law of the SAFE Sunscreen Standards Act (H.R. 3686/S. 2491) as part of the reauthorization of the Over-the-Counter Monograph User Fee Act (OMUFA) in November 2025. This bipartisan legislation, co-sponsored by Reps. Joyce (R-PA), Dingell (D-MI), Ross (D-NC) and Joyce (R-OH), as well as Sens. Marshall (R-KS) and Hassan (D-NH), is a step forward in the fight against skin cancer because it calls for modernizing how sunscreen ingredients are reviewed and approved in the United States.
Lectures complémentaires et études de recherche fondées sur des données probantes :
U.S. Congress. An Act 128 STAT. 2035 To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to provide an alternative process for review of safety and effectiveness of nonprescription sunscreen active ingredients and for other purposes. https://www.congress.gov/113/plaws/publ195/PLAW-113publ195.pdf
U.S. Congress. A BILL To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to improve the regulatory review process to determine the safety and effectiveness of nonprescription sunscreen active ingredients, and for other purposes. https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr3686/BILLS-119hr3686ih.pdf
